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Rembrandt - Wikipedia
An innovative and prolific master in three media[3] he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history. Custom my essay meister contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Agewhen Dutch art especially Dutch paintingalthough in many ways antithetical custom my essay meister the Baroque style that dominated Europe, was extremely prolific and innovative and gave rise to important new genres.
Like many artists of the Dutch Golden Age, such as Jan Vermeer of Delft, Rembrandt was also an avid art collector and dealer. Rembrandt never went abroad, but he was considerably influenced by the work of the Italian masters and Netherlandish artists who had studied in Italy, like Pieter Lastmanthe Utrecht CaravaggistsFlemish Baroqueand Peter Paul Rubens. After he achieved youthful success as a portrait painter, Rembrandt's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships.
Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, [5] and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters. Rembrandt's portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate autobiography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with custom my essay meister utmost sincerity.
His reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime and never questioned since. Few of his paintings left the Dutch Republic while he lived, but his prints were circulated throughout Europe, and his wider reputation was initially based on them alone. In his works he exhibited knowledge of classical iconographywhich he molded to fit the requirements of his own experience; thus, custom my essay meister, the depiction of a biblical scene was informed by Rembrandt's knowledge of the specific text, his assimilation of classical composition, and his observations of Amsterdam 's Jewish population.
What sacrilege! With Rembrandt, the colossus of Art! We should prostrate ourselves before Rembrandt and never compare anyone with him!
Rembrandt [a] Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July in Leiden[1] in the Dutch Republicnow the Netherlands. He was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuijtbrouck. Religion is a central custom my essay meister in Rembrandt's works and the religiously fraught period in which he lived makes his faith a matter of interest.
His mother was Roman Catholic, and his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church. While his work reveals deep Christian faith, there is no evidence that Rembrandt formally belonged to any church, although he had five of his children christened in Custom my essay meister Reformed churches in Amsterdam: four in the Oude Kerk Old Church and one, Titus, in the Zuiderkerk Southern Church.
As a boy he attended Latin school. At the age of 13, he was enrolled at the University of Leidenalthough according to a contemporary he had a greater inclination towards painting; he was soon apprenticed to a Leiden history painterJacob van Swanenburgwith whom he spent three years. He opened a studio in Custom my essay meister in orwhich he shared with friend and colleague Jan Lievens. Incustom my essay meister, Rembrandt began to accept students, among them Gerrit Dou in In custom my essay meister, Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens father of the Dutch mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygenswho procured for Rembrandt important commissions from the court of The Hague.
As a result of this connection, Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt until At the end of Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam, custom my essay meister, then rapidly expanding as the new business capital of the Netherlands, and began to practise as a professional portraitist for the first time, with great success. He initially stayed with an art dealer, Hendrick van Uylenburghand inmarried Hendrick's cousin, Saskia van Uylenburgh.
When Saskia, as the youngest daughter, custom my essay meister, became an orphan, she lived with an older sister in Het Bildt. Rembrandt and Saskia were married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of Rembrandt's relatives. He also acquired a number of students, among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck. InRembrandt and Saskia moved into their own house, renting in fashionable Nieuwe Doelenstraat.
In they moved to a prominent newly built house now the Rembrandt House Museum in the upscale 'Breestraat' eng. The mortgage to finance the 13, guilder purchase would be a primary cause for later financial difficulties.
Inthey had a second daughter, also named Cornelia, who died after living barely over a month. Only their fourth child, Titus custom my essay meister, who was born insurvived into adulthood. Saskia died in soon after Titus's birth, probably from tuberculosis. Rembrandt's drawings of her on her sick and death bed are among his most moving works. During Saskia's illness, Geertje Dircx was hired as Titus' caretaker and nurse and also became Rembrandt's lover.
She would later charge Rembrandt with breach of promise a euphemism for seduction under [breached] promise to marry and was awarded alimony of guilders a year. In the late s Rembrandt began a relationship with the much younger Hendrickje Stoffelswho had custom my essay meister been his maid. In they had a daughter, Cornelia, bringing Hendrickje a summons from the Reformed Church to answer the charge "that she had committed the acts of a whore with Rembrandt the painter". She admitted this and was banned from receiving communion, custom my essay meister.
Rembrandt was not custom my essay meister to appear for the Church council because he was not a member of the Reformed Church. Had he remarried he would have lost access to a trust set up for Titus in Saskia's will. Rembrandt lived beyond his means, buying art including bidding up his own workprints often used in his paintings and rarities, which probably caused a court arrangement to avoid his bankruptcy inby selling most of his paintings and large collection of antiquities.
The sale list survives and gives a good insight into Rembrandt's collections, which, apart from Old Master paintings and drawings, included busts of the Roman emperors, suits of Japanese armor among many objects from Asia, and collections of natural history and minerals.
But the prices realized in the sales in and were disappointing. To get around this, Hendrickje and Titus set up a dummy corporation as art dealers inwith Rembrandt as an employee. In Rembrandt or rather the new business was contracted to complete work for the newly built city hall, but only after Govert Flinck, the artist previously commissioned, died without beginning to paint.
The resulting work, The Conspiracy of Claudius Civiliswas rejected and returned to the painter; the surviving fragment is only a fraction of the whole work. In he was still fulfilling major commissions for portraits and other works. Rembrandt outlived both Hendrickje, who died inand Titus, who died inleaving a baby daughter. He died within a year of his son, on 4 October in Amsterdam, and was buried as a poor man [34] [35] in an unknown grave in the Westerkerk.
It was in a numbered 'kerkgraf' grave owned by the church somewhere under a tombstone in the church. After twenty years, his remains were taken away and destroyed, as was customary with the remains of poor people at the time. In a letter to Huygens, Rembrandt offered the only surviving explanation of what he sought to achieve through his art: the greatest and most natural movementtranslated from de meeste en de natuurlijkste beweegelijkheid.
The word "beweegelijkheid" is also argued to mean "emotion" or "motive". Whether this refers to objectives, material or otherwise, is open to interpretation; either way, critics have drawn particular attention to the way Rembrandt seamlessly melded the earthly and spiritual. Earlierth-century connoisseurs claimed Rembrandt had produced well over paintings, [37] nearly etchings and 2, drawings.
The list was to be unveiled at a scholarly meeting in February At one time about ninety paintings were counted as Rembrandt self-portraitsbut it is now known that he had his students copy custom my essay meister own self-portraits as part of their training. Modern scholarship has reduced the autograph count to over forty paintings, as well as a few drawings and thirty-one etchings, which include many of the most remarkable images of the group.
His oil paintings trace the progress from an uncertain young man, custom my essay meister, through the dapper and very successful portrait-painter of the s, to the troubled but massively powerful portraits of his old age. Together they give a remarkably clear picture of the man, his appearance and his psychological make-up, as revealed by his richly weathered face.
In his portraits and self-portraits, he angles the sitter's face in such a way that the ridge of the nose nearly always forms the line of demarcation between brightly illuminated and shadowy areas. A Rembrandt face is a face partially eclipsed; and the nose, bright and obvious, thrusting into the riddle of halftones, serves to focus the viewer's attention upon, and to dramatize, the division between a flood of light—an overwhelming clarity—and a brooding duskiness.
In a number of biblical works, including The Raising of the CrossJoseph Telling His Dreams and The Stoning of Saint StephenRembrandt painted himself as a character in the crowd. Durham suggests that this was because the Bible was for Rembrandt "a kind of diary, an account of moments in his own life".
Among the more prominent characteristics of Rembrandt's work are his use of chiaroscurothe theatrical employment of light and shadow derived from Caravaggioor, more likely, from the Dutch Caravaggistibut adapted for very personal means, custom my essay meister. His immediate family—his wife Saskia, his son Titus and his common-law wife Hendrickje—often figured prominently in his paintings, many of which had mythicalbiblical or historical themes.
Throughout his career Rembrandt took as his primary subjects the themes of portraiture, custom my essay meister, landscape and narrative painting, custom my essay meister. For the last, he was especially praised by his contemporaries, custom my essay meister, who extolled him as a masterly interpreter of biblical stories for his skill in representing emotions and attention to detail.
A parallel development may be seen in Rembrandt's skill as a printmaker. In the etchings of his maturity, particularly from the late s onward, the freedom and breadth of his drawings and paintings found expression in the print medium as well. The works encompass a wide range of subject matter and technique, custom my essay meister, sometimes leaving large areas of white paper to suggest space, at other times employing complex webs of line to produce rich dark tones.
It was during Rembrandt's Leiden period — that Lastman's influence was most prominent. It is also likely that at this time Lievens had a strong impact on his work as well. Religious and allegorical themes were favored, as were tronies. During his early years in Amsterdam —Rembrandt began to paint dramatic biblical and mythological scenes in high contrast and of large format The Blinding of Samson, Belshazzar's Feastc.
Nicolaes Tulp By the late s Rembrandt had produced a few paintings and many etchings of landscapes. Often these landscapes highlighted natural drama, featuring uprooted trees and ominous skies Cottages before a Stormy Skyc. From his work became less exuberant and custom my essay meister sober in tone, possibly reflecting personal tragedy.
Biblical scenes were now derived more often from the New Testament than the Old Testamentas had been the case before. In he painted Custom my essay meister Night Watchthe most substantial of the important group portrait commissions which he received custom my essay meister this period, and through which he sought to find solutions to compositional and narrative problems that had been attempted in previous works. In the decade following the Night WatchRembrandt's paintings varied greatly in size, subject, and style.
The previous tendency to create dramatic effects primarily by strong contrasts of light and shadow gave way to the use of frontal lighting and larger and more saturated areas of color. Simultaneously, figures came to be placed parallel to the picture plane. These changes can be seen as a move toward a classical mode of composition and, considering the more expressive use of brushwork as well, may indicate a familiarity with Venetian art Susanna and the Elders— In the s, Rembrandt's style changed again.
Colors became richer and brush strokes more pronounced. With these changes, Rembrandt distanced himself from earlier work and current fashion, which increasingly inclined toward fine, detailed works. His use of light becomes more jagged and harsh, and shine becomes almost nonexistent. His singular approach to paint application may have been suggested in part by familiarity with the work of Titianand could be seen in the context of the then current discussion of 'finish' and surface quality of paintings, custom my essay meister.
Contemporary accounts sometimes remark disapprovingly of the coarseness of Rembrandt's brushwork, and the artist himself was said to have dissuaded visitors from looking too closely at his paintings.
The end result is a richly varied handling of paint, custom my essay meister, deeply layered and often apparently haphazard, which suggests form and space in both an illusory and highly individual manner.
In later years biblical themes were still depicted often, but emphasis shifted from dramatic group scenes to intimate portrait-like figures James the Apostle In his last years, Rembrandt painted his most deeply reflective self-portraits from to he painted fifteenand several moving images of both men and women The Jewish Bridec.
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, time: 2:09Rembrandt - Wikipedia
IMD Business School designed and delivered a custom program together with Shell to build the digital confidence of their leaders, Accelerating Digital Disruption, and drive commercial delivery in a rapidly changing world. Learn more. Talk with us about our custom programs Teachers Teaching Tools Homepage. Article. Make Your Classroom More Efficient With Pocket Charts. Grades K - 5 by Harold Bloom. This page: A. The Theocratic Age: BCE CE B. The Aristocratic Age: C. The Democratic Age: D. The Chaotic Age: 20th Century. A. The Theocratic Age "Since the literary canon is at issue here, I include only those religious, philosophical, historical, and scientific writings that are themselves of great aesthetic interest
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