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The " Dark Ages " is a term for the Early Middle Ages or Middle Ages in the area of the Roman Empire in Europe, after its fall in the fifth century, characterizing it as marked by economic, intellectual and cultural decline.
The concept of a "Dark Age" originated in the s with the Italian scholar Petrarchwho regarded the post-Roman centuries as "dark" compared to the "light" of classical antiquity. This became especially popular during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment. As the accomplishments of the era came to be better understood in the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars began restricting the "Dark Ages" appellation to the Early Middle Ages c.
The idea of a Dark Age originated with the Tuscan scholar Petrarch in the s. Petrarch was the first to give the metaphor secular meaning by reversing its application. He now saw classical antiquityso long considered a 'dark' age for its lack of Christianity, in the 'light' of its cultural achievements, while Petrarch's own time, allegedly lacking such cultural achievements, was seen as the age of darkness. From his perspective on the Italian peninsula, Petrarch saw the Roman period and classical antiquity as an expression of greatness.
He wanted to restore the Latin language to its former purity. Renaissance humanists saw the preceding years as a time of stagnation, with history unfolding not along the religious outline of Saint Augustine 's Six Ages of the Worldbut in cultural or secular terms through progressive development of classical idealsliteratureand art.
Petrarch wrote that history had two periods: the classic period of Greeks and Romansa dissertation on the external evidences of the truth of the christian religion, followed by a time of darkness in which he saw himself living. In aroundin the conclusion of his epic Africahe wrote: "My fate is to live among varied and confusing storms. But for you perhaps, if as I hope and wish you will live long after me, there will follow a better age.
This sleep of forgetfulness will not last forever. When the darkness has been dispersed, our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance. They used Petrarch's two ages, plus a modern, 'better age', which they believed the world had entered. Later the term 'Middle Ages' — Latin media tempestas or medium aevum — was used to describe the period of supposed decline. During the Reformations of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants generally had a similar view to Renaissance humanists such as Petrarch, but also added an Anti-Catholic perspective.
They saw classical antiquity as a golden time, not only because of its Latin literature, but also because it witnessed the beginnings of Christianity. They promoted the idea that the 'Middle Age' was a time of darkness also because of corruption within the Catholic Churchsuch as: popes ruling as kings, veneration of saints' relicsa licentious priesthood, and institutionalized moral hypocrisy.
In response to the ProtestantsCatholics developed a counter-image to depict the High Middle Ages in particular as a period of social and religious harmony, and not 'dark' at all. Baronius was a trained historian who produced a work that the Encyclopædia Britannica in described as "far surpassing anything before" [22] and that Acton regarded as "the greatest history of the Church ever written".
It was in Volume X that Baronius coined the term "dark age" for the period between the end of the Carolingian Empire in [24] and the first stirrings of Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in Significantly, Baronius termed the age 'dark' because of the paucity of written records. The "lack of writers" he referred to may be illustrated by comparing the number of volumes in Migne 's Patrologia Latina containing the work of Latin writers from the 10th century the heart of the age he called 'dark' with the number containing the work of writers from the preceding and succeeding centuries.
A minority of these writers were historians. There is a sharp drop from 34 volumes in the 9th century to just 8 in the 10th. The 11th century, with 13, evidences a certain recovery, and the 12th century, with 40, surpasses the 9th, something the 13th, with just 26, fails to do.
There was indeed a 'dark age', in Baronius's sense of a "lack of writers", between the Carolingian Renaissance in the 9th century and the beginnings, some time in the 11th, of what has been called the Renaissance of the 12th century. Furthermore, there was an earlier period of "lack of writers" during the 7th and 8th centuries.
So, in Western Europe, two 'dark ages' can be identified, a dissertation on the external evidences of the truth of the christian religion, separated by the brilliant but brief Carolingian Renaissance.
Baronius' 'dark age' seems to have struck historians, for it was in the 17th century that the term started to spread to various European languages, with his original Latin term saeculum obscurum being reserved for the period he had applied it to. But while some, following Baronius, used 'dark age' neutrally to refer to a dearth of written records, others used it pejoratively, lapsing into that lack of objectivity that has discredited the term for many modern historians.
The first British historian to use the term was most likely Gilbert Burnetin the form 'darker ages' which appears several times in his work during the later 17th century. The earliest reference seems to be in the "Epistle Dedicatory" to Volume I of The History of the Reformation of the Church of England ofwhere he writes: "The design of the reformation was to restore Christianity to what it was at first, and to purge it of those corruptions, with which it was overrun in the later and darker ages.
During the Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, many critical thinkers saw religion as antithetical to reason. For them the Middle Ages, or "Age of Faith", was therefore the opposite of the Age of Reason.
Consequently, an evolution had occurred in at least three ways. Petrarch's original metaphor of light versus dark has expanded over time, implicitly at least. Even if later humanists no longer saw themselves living in a dark age, their times were still not light enough for 18th-century writers who saw themselves as living in the real Age of Enlightenment, while the period to be condemned stretched to include what we now call Early Modern times.
Additionally, Petrarch's metaphor of darkness, which he used mainly to deplore what he saw as a lack of secular achievement, was sharpened to take on a more explicitly anti-religious and anti-clerical meaning. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Romantics reversed a dissertation on the external evidences of the truth of the christian religion negative assessment of Enlightenment critics with a vogue for medievalism.
This stimulated interest in the Middle Ages, which for the following generation began to take on the idyllic image of an "Age of Faith". This, reacting to a world dominated by Enlightenment rationalismexpressed a romantic view of a Golden Age of chivalry.
The Middle Ages were seen with nostalgia as a period of social and environmental harmony and spiritual inspiration, in contrast to the excesses of the French Revolution and, most of all, a dissertation on the external evidences of the truth of the christian religion, to the environmental and social upheavals and utilitarianism of the developing Industrial Revolution.
Just as Petrarch had twisted the meaning of light versus darkness, so the Romantics had twisted the judgment of the Enlightenment. However, the period they idealized was largely the High Middle Agesextending into Early Modern times. In one respect, this negated the religious aspect of Petrarch's judgment, since these later centuries were those when the power and prestige of the Church were at their height. To many, the scope of the Dark Ages was becoming divorced from this period, denoting mainly the centuries immediately following the fall of Rome.
The term was widely used by 19th-century historians. Inin The Civilization of the Renaissance in ItalyJacob Burckhardt delineated the contrast between the medieval 'dark ages' and the more enlightened Renaissancewhich had revived the cultural and intellectual achievements of antiquity.
However, the early 20th century saw a radical re-evaluation of the Middle Ages, which called into question the terminology of darkness, [9] or at least its more a dissertation on the external evidences of the truth of the christian religion use. The historian Denys Hay spoke ironically of "the lively centuries which we call dark". Most modern historians do not use the term "dark ages", preferring terms such as Early Middle Ages. But when used by some historians today, the term "Dark Ages" is meant to describe the economic, political, and cultural problems of the era.
Since the archaeological evidence for some periods is abundant and for others scanty, there are also archaeological dark ages.
Since the Late Middle Ages significantly overlap with the Renaissance, the term 'Dark Ages' has become restricted to distinct times and places in medieval Europe. Thus the 5th and 6th centuries in Britainat the height of the Saxon invasions, have been called "the darkest of the Dark Ages", [47] in view of the societal collapse of the period and the consequent lack of historical records.
Further south and east, the same was true in the formerly Roman province of Daciawhere history after the Roman withdrawal went unrecorded for centuries as SlavsAvarsBulgarsand others struggled for supremacy in the Danube basin, and events there are still disputed. However, at this time the Abbasid Caliphate is often considered to have experienced its Golden Age rather than Dark Age; consequently, usage of the term must also specify a geography.
While Petrarch's concept of a Dark Age corresponded to a mostly Christian period following pre-Christian Rometoday the term mainly applies to the cultures and periods in Europe that were least Christianized, and thus most sparsely covered by chronicles and other contemporary sources, at the time mostly written by Catholic clergy. However, from the later 20th century onward, other historians became critical even of this nonjudgmental use of the term, for two main reasons. Secondly, 20th-century scholarship had increased a dissertation on the external evidences of the truth of the christian religion of the history and culture of the period, [48] to such an extent that it is no longer really 'dark' to us.
Kirby, A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain, England, Scotland and Wales, c. Science historian David C. Lindberg criticised the public use of 'dark ages' to describe the entire Middle Ages as "a time of ignorancebarbarism and superstition " for which "blame is most often laid at the feet of the Christian churchwhich is alleged to have placed religious authority over personal experience and rational activity".
Around the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the High Middle Ages stronger monarchies emerged; borders were restored after the invasions of Vikings and Magyars ; technological developments and agricultural innovations were made which increased the food supply and population.
And the rejuvenation of science and scholarship in the West was due in large part to the new availability of Latin translations of Aristotle. Another view of the period is reflected by more specific notions such as the 19th-century claim [59] [60] that everyone in the Middle Ages thought the world was flat. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Dark Ages in history. Term for the Early Middle Ages. This article is about western Europe after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
For Greece after the Bronze Age collapse, see Greek Dark Ages. For other uses, see Dark Ages disambiguation. Further information: Late antiquityFall of the Roman EmpireMigration periodand Early Middle Ages.
See also: Medievalism. See also: Medieval studies. Medieval And Renaissance Studies. Cornell University Press. Reprinted from: Mommsen, Theodore Ernst Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America. doi : JSTOR Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation. Grand Rapids, MI: Erdmans. ISBN Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Middle Ages as a 'dark age', one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connection between his own age and the civilization of the Greeks and the Romans.
Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity. New York: Paulist Press. Annales EcclesiasticiVol. Roma,p. The Dark Ages. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages — or the Middle Age — used to be the same; two names for the same period.
But they have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about tothe age of chivalry, the time between the first Crusade and the A dissertation on the external evidences of the truth of the christian religion. This was not the old viewand it does not agree with the proper meaning of the name.
Grey Matter.
Is There Proof Outside of the Bible that Jesus Existed?
, time: 3:49Karl Jaspers (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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